I have no idea what item in the Window elements menu controls the size of
the column sort arrow.  It is not Caption Buttons, I fiddled with the size
there.

As far as I know, the width of the columns in Details view is controlled by
the length of the longest entry in a folder.

These work for most Windows programs.

Click and Drag a header divider to change the width of a column.

Double click the header divider to open a column to the width needed to view
the longest entry.  You have to drag it back to get it to be narrow again.
If the column is wider than the longest entry, double click the header
divider to resize it to the width of the longest entry.

Ctrl + + (Hold the Ctrl key down and press the plus key on the numeric
keypad), this will adjust all the column widths to the longest entry in each
column.  You have to drag them back to get them narrow again.

Right click one of the headers to get a choice to add or remove headers.

Right click one of the headers, down at the bottom, click More... to get
Choose Details if you want to change the order.

This also works in any folder in lieu of using View | Choose Details.

Column Headers can also be left clicked and dragged to change the order.

1. On the View menu, click Choose Details and then click the name of the
column that you want to adjust.
2. In the Width of selected column (in pixels) box, enter the size that you
want and then click OK.

How to Change Column Settings in Windows Explorer
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/310297